External References¶
Curated external sources for emob-financial-models. Maintained together with curation/web-sources.yaml (trusted-domain list used by the web-search workflow).
Adoption policy (user directive, 2026-09-17; posture per ADR 0002): keep the list at 5 core sources. A source is either Referenced and adopted (scoped to a role, cited in methodology and parameter baselines) or Read for information only (context, not citable as methodological basis). Terminology is adopted as defined; the technology and cost assumptions of published studies are incumbent benchmarks — contrast cases, not our base case.
Core sources — Referenced and adopted¶
| # | Source | Adopted for | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ICCT 2022 — Battery Swapping for Electric Two-Wheelers in India (NITI Aayog + ICCT) | Swap + TCO methodology; utilization sensitivity | Adopted (methodology) |
| 2 | World Bank 2026 — EVMax 40-country e-mobility CBA | Economic viability vs financial affordability framework | Adopted (framework) |
| 3 | WRI — Kumar & Chakrabarty 2020, Transportation Research Record 2674(11) | TCO-per-km method; daily-distance break-even | Adopted (method) |
| 4 | Manufacturing Africa 2021 — EV investment opportunity, Kenya | Kenya TCO, financing, and parameter baseline | Adopted (Kenya baseline) |
| 5 | Sandia 2023 — Wittman & Reed, Li-ion cycling beyond 80% SOH | EFC definition; cycle + calendar degradation curves | Adopted (degradation physics) |
Links¶
- ICCT: https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Battery-swapping_India_final.pdf
- World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2026/06/29/dont-let-a-crisis-go-to-waste-pivoting-africa-s-transport-to-clean-energy
- WRI (DOI): https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120947089
- Manufacturing Africa: https://manufacturingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Attracting-investment-into-EVs-MA-Kenya-vsn-final-share-Oct21.pdf
- Sandia: https://www.sandia.gov/app/uploads/sites/82/2023/10/Wittman_Reed_Safety-Reliability_PR2023.pdf
Read for information only¶
Context and market color; not citable as methodological basis.
- Joule 2024 — HD-truck battery-swap pricing via target IRR (methodological analog, wrong vehicle class)
- BloombergNEF — battery price surveys and swap-market outlooks (paywalled)
- Dalberg 2024 — Africa e-mobility country forecasts
- Intellecap / WDI — Kenya E2W financing
- Changing Transport / EMAK 2025 — Kenya battery tariff schedule, second-life economics
- McKinsey 2022 — Sub-Saharan Africa e-transport
- Nature Communications 2022 — India passenger-road electrification (energy intensity data)
- Operator disclosures: Ampersand, Spiro, Roam, Gogoro, Battery Smart (pricing and fleet benchmarks)